The most conspicuous rains are the place of Asaf Jah and the Killa Arrak. [In 1616 Malik Ambar erected a palace upon the summit of a rising ground and called it Naukonda. The massive portal gateway leading to this, over which the Naubatkhana sounded, was called Barkal. The Naukonda palace was subsequently occupied by Asaf Jah and Nizam AIL For an account of the Naukonda palace, Killa Arrak, and other buildings of interest, see Chapter VII. Architecure.] The space enclosed by the walls of the Killa Arrak or citadel, covers nearly the whole of the ground between the Mecca and the Delhi gates of the city. There are five gateways, only three of which are now used. The walk are battlemented and loop-holed, and have semi-circular towers, witch once mounted guns, at the angles. The inner portion is occupied by recesses similar to those in the city walls. To the right of the entrance is a high terrace extending the whole length of the ground enclosed. On this the remains of an extensive garden and half-ruined tanks and cisterns can still be traced. Here too are the remains of the palace, justice hall, and mosque. The lower portion of the enclosure contains no trace of buildings.

His Excellency Nawab Salar Jang’s palace and Govind Baksh’s mahal are between the Paitan and Jafar gates. The Damri mahal and the Barra darri of Iwaz Khan are close to the Delhi gate. Among mosques, the Jumma masjid and Kala masjid built by Malik Ambar, and the Shah Ganj mosque constructed in Aurangzib’s reign, are the most conspicuous. There are a number of shrines in the city, the chief of which is that of Mosafar Shah, near the Mecca gate. The shrine possesses a special water channel, and a panchaki or water-mill. Beyond the Delhi gate the road winds through the burial grounds of the city nobles, which now stand in the midst of a jungle, though traces of the magnificent gardens which once extended for several miles outside this portion of the city are still visible. A handsome tomb to the memory of Islam Khan is upon the Harsul road. The old burial grounds of the common people lie chiefly outside the Paitan gate, and also beyond the Jaffar and Jalna gates. A short distance from the Paitan gate is a curious group of about fifty Armenian tombs. A number of Armenian merchants and traders frequented the city in the time of Aurangzib, but they disappeared after the dissolution of the Moghal empire. Tombs and rozas cover the environs, and in the suburb of Begampura stands the beautiful mausoleum dedicated by prince Azam Shah to the memory of his mother, Begam Rabia Durani, the wife of Aurangzib. It is situated a short distance beyond the walls of Begampura (lat. 19° 54′ 45” east, long. 75° 21’55” north), and viewed from the road between Daulatabad and Aurangabad, forms a most conspicuous landmark. [For an account of the Bibi Makbarra, see Chapter VII., Architecture, pp. 694-6. On the left gate, about half way up the inner edge, there is an inscription in Persian which has been translated as follows:-" 1071 Hijri, this roza was built by Ata-ul-la in the time of Hyputi." The marble used in this makbarra was brought from Jeypur, and the traveller Tavernier mentions having met carts laden with them, proceeding from Upper India to Aurangabad. He wrote as follows:-" Going one time from Surat to Golkonda, I met, five days' journey from Aurangabad, more than three hundred wagons laden with this marble, the least whereof was drawn by twelve oxen."

The following translations of inscriptions are from the various masjids, &c., in the city:-"The mosque of Shah Ganj is lovely to look at, and a world is like a moth around its face; when I searched after its date, it is found in the house of prayer." This gives the date of the mosque 1136 Hijri. " The reservoir of water appertaining to the mosque of Shah Ganj has been founded for the sake of good name and beneficence. The date becomes apparent from this reservoir of water, which is the place of worship to both common and particular persons." The date thus derived is said to be the same. The date of the Chauk masjid is 1072 Hijri, and is given in an inscription, which is translated as follows:- "When I searched after the date, the blessed wisdom said, 'look, a place which opens the heart and relieves necessities.' "] Old European burial ground. An old European burial ground, containing about twenty tombs, is in the same suburb.